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Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited. Information developed by A. Please discuss with your doctor any questions or concerns you may have. Medical Tests. Definition Urinalysis is the physical, chemical, and microscopic examination of urine. Alternative Names Urine appearance and color; Routine urine test; Cystitis - urinalysis; Bladder infection - urinalysis; UTI - urinalysis; Urinary tract infection - urinalysis; Hematuria - urinalysis How the Test is Performed A urine sample is needed.
Is it pale, or dark yellow, or another color? Identify any bacteria or other germs. The strip has pads of chemicals that change color when they come in contact with substances of interest. Examples of specific urinalysis tests that may be done to check for problems include: Red blood cell urine test Glucose urine test Protein urine test Urine pH level test Ketones urine test Bilirubin urine test Urine specific gravity test How to Prepare for the Test Certain medicines change the color of urine, but this is not a sign of disease.
Their main role is to filter waste products from your body. Read more on myDr website. A brief overview of vital signs and is to be used in conjunction with your organisation's policies and procedures. This article does not encompass reasons why or when to conduct a vital sign assessment - rather, it serves to be used as a summary of each vital sign. Read more on Ausmed Education website. More than half of older adults over the age of 75 are thought to have kidney disease.
Kidney disease is often silent and occurs when the nephrons, the tiny blood-filtering units of the kidney, become damaged. Damage to the nephrons causes a build-up of toxic waste and fluids within the body. Due to its rarity, this can often mean that many nurses and other health professionals may have limited awareness, understanding and experience when caring for individuals with this condition The OI Society of Australia ; Palomo et al. Culture-independent diagnostic techniques are increasingly used in clinical laboratories.
They have improved turnaround times and are generally more Read more on Australian Prescriber website. Pneumonia is an acute infection of the lungs that causes the alveoli in one or both lungs to fill with pus and fluids.
When a person has pneumonia, breathing is painful and oxygen intake is limited. In , over two million people died from pneumonia worldwide. Healthdirect Australia is not responsible for the content and advertising on the external website you are now entering.
There are a many types of urinary tests available. There is a total of 5 error s on this form, details are below. Please enter your name Please enter your email Your email is invalid. Please check and try again Please enter recipient's email Recipient's email is invalid. Please check and try again Agree to Terms required. Abnormal: Cloudy urine can be caused by pus white blood cells , blood red blood cells , sperm, bacteria, yeast, crystals, mucus, or a parasite infection, such as trichomoniasis.
Abnormal: Some foods such as asparagus , vitamins, and antibiotics such as penicillin can cause urine to have a different odour. A sweet, fruity odour may be caused by uncontrolled diabetes. A urinary tract infection UTI can cause a bad odour. Urine that smells like maple syrup can mean maple syrup urine disease, when the body can't break down certain amino acids.
Normal: 1. Abnormal: A very high specific gravity means very concentrated urine, which may be caused by not drinking enough fluid, loss of too much fluid excessive vomiting, sweating, or diarrhea , or substances such as sugar or protein in the urine.
Very low specific gravity means dilute urine, which may be caused by drinking too much fluid, severe kidney disease, or the use of diuretics. Normal: 4. Abnormal: Some foods such as citrus fruit and dairy products and medicines such as antacids can affect urine pH. A high alkaline pH can be caused by severe vomiting, a kidney disease, some urinary tract infections, and asthma.
A low acidic pH may be caused by severe lung disease emphysema , uncontrolled diabetes, aspirin overdose, severe diarrhea, dehydration, starvation, drinking too much alcohol, or drinking antifreeze ethylene glycol.
Abnormal: Protein in the urine may mean that kidney damage, an infection, cancer, high blood pressure , diabetes, systemic lupus erythematosus SLE , or glomerulonephritis is present. Protein in the urine may also mean that heart failure , leukemia , poison lead or mercury poisoning , or pre-eclampsia if you are pregnant is present.
A one-time urine collection, if normal, will be negative for glucose. Abnormal: Intravenous IV fluids can cause glucose to be in the urine. Too much glucose in the urine may be caused by uncontrolled diabetes, an adrenal gland problem, liver damage, brain injury, certain types of poisoning, and some types of kidney diseases. Healthy pregnant women can have glucose in their urine, which is normal during pregnancy. Abnormal: Ketones in the urine can mean uncontrolled diabetes, a very low-carbohydrate diet, starvation or eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa or bulimia , alcohol use disorder , or poisoning from drinking rubbing alcohol isopropanol.
Ketones are often found in the urine when a person does not eat fasts for 18 hours or longer. This may occur when a person is sick and cannot eat or vomits for several days. Low levels of ketones are sometimes found in the urine of healthy pregnant women. Normal: Very few or no red or white blood cells or casts are seen. No bacteria, yeast cells, parasites, or squamous cells are present. A few crystals are normally seen.
Red blood cells in the urine may be caused by kidney or bladder injury, kidney stones , a urinary tract infection UTI , inflammation of the kidneys glomerulonephritis , a kidney or bladder tumour, or systemic lupus erythematosus SLE. White blood cells pus in the urine may be caused by a urinary tract infection, bladder tumor, inflammation of the kidneys, systemic lupus erythematosus SLE , or inflammation in the vagina or under the foreskin of the penis.
Depending on the type, casts can mean inflammation or damage to the tiny tubes in the kidneys, poor blood supply to the kidneys, metal poisoning such as lead or mercury , heart failure , or a bacterial infection. Large amounts of crystals, or certain types of crystals, can mean kidney stones, damaged kidneys, or problems with metabolism. Some medicines and some types of urinary tract infections can also increase the number of crystals in urine.
Bacteria in the urine mean a urinary tract infection UTI. Yeast cells or parasites such as the parasite that causes trichomoniasis can mean an infection of the urinary tract. The presence of squamous cells may mean that the sample is not as pure as it needs to be.
These cells do not mean there is a medical problem, but your doctor may ask that you give another urine sample. Normal: —2, millilitres mL per 24 hours.
Reasons you may not be able to have the test or why the results may not be helpful include:. Current as of: September 23, Seifert MD - Urology.
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Top of the page. Test Overview A urine test checks different components of urine, a waste product made by the kidneys.
A regular urinalysis often includes the following tests: Colour. Many things affect urine colour, including fluid balance, diet, medicines, and diseases. How dark or light the colour is tells you how much water is in it. Vitamin B supplements can turn urine bright yellow. Some medicines, blackberries, beets, rhubarb, or blood in the urine can turn urine red-brown.
Urine is normally clear. Bacteria, blood, sperm, crystals, or mucus can make urine look cloudy. Urine does not smell very strong, but it has a slightly "nutty" odour. Some diseases cause a change in the odour of urine. For example, an infection with E. Specific gravity. This checks the amount of substances in the urine. It also shows how well the kidneys balance the amount of water in urine.
The higher the specific gravity, the more solid material is in the urine. When you drink a lot of fluid, your kidneys make urine with a high amount of water in it, which has a low specific gravity. When you do not drink fluids, your kidneys make urine with a small amount of water in it, which has a high specific gravity.
The pH is a measure of how acidic or alkaline basic the urine is. A urine pH of 4 is strongly acidic, 7 is neutral neither acidic nor alkaline , and 9 is strongly alkaline. Sometimes the pH of urine is affected by certain treatments. For example, your doctor may instruct you how to keep your urine either acidic or alkaline to prevent some types of kidney stones from forming. Protein normally isn't found in the urine.
Fever, hard exercise, pregnancy, and some diseases, especially kidney disease, may cause protein to be in the urine. Glucose is the type of sugar found in blood. Normally there is very little or no glucose in urine. When the blood sugar level is very high, as in uncontrolled diabetes, the sugar spills over into the urine.
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